Citation

The basic format of citation-sequence （C-S） documentation is straightforward: in the body of a paper, sequential superscript numbers （or sometimes numbers in square brackets）. The numbers refer to a list usually entitled"References" at the end of the document.

　　The in-text citation

　　MSHA does not seem to alter the efficiency of intestinal colonization.

　　The reference

　　49. Attridge SR, Manning PA, Holmgren J, Jonson G. Relative significance of mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin and toxin-coregulated pili in colonization of infant mice by Vibrio cholerae El Tor. Infect. Immun. 1996; 64: 3369-3373.

　　A. C-S Citation details

　　Multiple references in one citation

　　For multiple references use commas and no spaces between citation numbers.

　　Significant progress has been made in tracing the gene's survival in the environment outside the human body.

　　For three or more numbers in a sequence, join the first and last numbers of the sequence with a hyphen: 11, 13-16.

　　Citing a reference more than once

　　Sources may be referred to as often as needed, using the original number.

　　B. C-S Reference details

C-S 1. Book by a single author
C-S 2. Book or article by two or more authors
C-S 3. Book with editors
C-S 4. Translated book
C-S 5. Book published in a new edition
C-S 6. Book published in several volumes
C-S 7. Chapter in an edited book
C-S 8. Article in an encyclopedia
C-S 9. Article in a scholarly journal
C-S 10. Article in a monthly periodical
C-S 11. Article in a newspaper
C-S 12. Article without an author
C-S 13. Letter to the editor
C-S 14. Editorial
C-S 15. Personal communicationC-S 16. Government publication
C-S 17. DissertationC-S 18. Abstract

　　C-S 1. Book by a single author

　　List all names.

　　Petitti, DB. Meta-analysis, decision analysis, and cost-effectiveness analysis: methods for quantitative synthesis in medicine. New York: Oxford University Press; 2000. 306 p.

　　C-S 2. Book or article by two or more authors

　　List all names.

　　Fos, PJ, Fine, DJ. Designing health care for populations applied epidemiology in health care administration. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 2000. 302 p.

　　C-S 3. Book with editors

　　LeCroy D, Moller P, editors. Evolutionary perspectives on human reproductive behavior. New York: New York Academy of Sciences; 2000. 233 p.

　　C-S 4. Translated book

　　Cavalli-Sforza LL. Genes, peoples, and languages. Seielstad M, translator. New York: North Point Press; 2000. 227 p. Translation of: Genes, peuples et langues.

　　C-S 5. Book published in a new edition

　　Prescott, LM, Harley, JP, Klein, DA. Microbiology. 3rd ed. Dubuque （IA）: William C Brown Publishers; 1996. 935 p.

　　C-S 6. Book published in several volumes

　　European Commission for Europe [ECE]. Directory of chemical producers and products. 3 vols. New York: United Nations; 1993.

　　C-S 7. Chapter in an edited book

　　Cook HJ. Physicians and natural history. In: Jardine N, Spary EC, Secord JA, editors. Cultures of natural history. New York: Cambridge; 1996. p 91-105.

　　C-S 8. Article in an encyclopedia

　　Cowley, JM. Electron diffraction. Encyclopedia of Applied Physics. Trigg GL, editor. 23 volumes. Weinheim and New York: Wiley-VCH; 1999; 5: 405-430.

　　Note the volume and page numbers at the end of the reference.

　　C-S 9. Article in a scholarly journal

　　Farque SM, Albert MJ, Mekalanos JJ. Epidemiology, genetics, and ecology of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 1998; 62; 1301-1314.

　　Note the format of year, volume, and pages. Many journal titles in different fields have standard abbreviations: for help study other published works or consult the CBE manual.

　　C-S 10. Article in a monthly periodical

　　Raikow, RJ, Bledsoe, AH. Phylogeny and evolution of the passerine birds. BioScience 2000 June; 50 （6）: 487-499.

　　C-S 11. Article in a newspaper

　　Chang K. Two stars collide: a new star is born. New York Times 2000 June 13; Sect F; 1 （col 4）.

　　Note the information on section, page, and column.

　　C-S 12. Article without an author

　　[Anonymous]. U.S., Britain agree to share genetic data. Detroit News 2000 March 15; Nation World: 3.

　　C-S 13. Letter to the editor

　　Genome map reveals presence of intelligent design. To the Editor. Anderson J. Kansas City Star 2000 July 1; 26.

　　Note that a letter to the editor is cited by title, not author （the author's name appears after the descriptive phrase）.

　　C-S 14. Editorial

　　What makes us human. Editorial. The Gazette （Montreal） 2000 July 2; Sect A: 12.

　　C-S 15. Personal communication

　　Hubley M. Citation practices in biology. 2000 Aug. 10.

　　Caveat: some instructors frown on citing unpublished sources.

　　C-S 16. Government publication

　　National Institutes of Health （US） [NIH]. Proceedings of an NIH workshop on spinal cord injury: emerging concepts. Bethesda （MD）: NIH; 1997 Sept. Series 97-4201.

　　C-S 17. Dissertation

　　Hovis RC. Principles and the development of physical theory: case studies [dissertation]. Ithaca （NY）: Cornell University; 1994. 111 p. Available from: University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.

　　C-S 18. Abstract

　　7. Chapman, PJ, Harvey J, Walker W. Microbial ecology research at the Gulf Breeze U.S. EPA Laboratory: Estuarine and marine issues [Abstract]. In: Pensacola Bay system technical symposium, foundations of sustainability: status of Pensacola Bay system water quality meeting program; 1997 Sept 19; Pensacola, FL. Washington: Government Printing Office. p 87. Abstract nr R578.