中級美語第43課

第43課：虛擬語氣（三）

　　一.本課要點及示例

　　在這一課裡, 我們學習用"如果" if, i-f, if 和過去完成時態作句子來表示跟過去事實相反的條件和結果.比方,"儅時我要是看見了你,我一定會跟你打招呼的."這句話英文應該這樣說: If I had seen you. I certainly would have said hello to you.

　　下麪我們唸一段對話, 多擧幾個例子給你聽.這段對話的內容是說凱特跟同事比爾談起了他們小時候上歷史課的事情. 請你注意聽兩位英文老師的發音和語調.

　　M: When did you decide to be a school teacher,Kate? F: When I was in grade school, I had a teacher who I liked very much. I wanted to be like she was. M: What made her so special? F: She used to make things interesting and exciting to learn. M: Like what? F: If you had heard her history lessons, you would have thought that history was fascinating. M: If you had been in our history class, you would have found history very boring. Our teacher just taught names and dates. F: If I had been in your class, maybe I would have become something besides a teacher. M: If I had been in your class, maybe I would have become a history teacher instead of a gym teacher.

　　現在我們把對話再唸一遍給你聽. 這次老師唸得比較慢, 請你注意聽.

　　下麪兩位老師把對話裡包含了今天要學的語法的句子挑出來,再唸一遍給你聽.

　　F: If you had heard her history lessons, you would have thought that history was fascinating. M: If you had been in our history class, you would have found history very boring. F: If I had been in your class, maybe I would have become something besides a teacher. M: If I had been in your class, maybe I would have become a history teacher.

　　二.用 IF 引導跟過去事實相反的情況

　　聽了上麪那些句子, 我想你已經注意到怎麽樣用過去完成時態作句子來表達跟過去事實相反的情況. 現在我們開始作練習, 多學學這種說法. 第一組練習的作法是比爾用過去時態說明發生在過去的事情. 凱特就用過去完成時態作假設性句子, 說明如果比爾過去那麽作了, 他可能會有什麽結果. 下麪就是一個例子:

　　M: I wasn't in your class. I didn't become a history teacher. F: If you had been in my class,maybe you would have become a history teacher.

　　現在請你一邊聽句子的意思, 一邊注意語法的變化.

　　M: I wasn't in your class. I didn't become a history teacher. F: If you had been in my class, maybe you would have become a history teacher. M: I wasn't in your class. I didn't think that history was fascinating. F: If you had been in my class, maybe you would have thought that history was fascinating. M: I wasn't in your class. I didn't think that history was exciting. F: If you had been in my class, maybe you would have thought that history was exciting.

　　下麪改由凱特唸過去時態句子;比爾唸的是假設性句子.還是請你注意聽.

　　F: I wasn't in your class. I didn't become a gym teacher. M: If you had been in my class, maybe you would have become a gym teacher. F: I wasn't in your class. I didn't think that history was boring. M: If you had been in my class, maybe you would have thought that history was boring. F: I wasn't in your class. I didn't think that history was just names and dates. M: If you had been in my class, maybe you would have thought that history was just names and dates.

　　在剛才那組練習裡我們用"也許" maybe 加上 would 再加上完成時態作了一些假設性句子, 這種說法也可以改用 might 加上完成時態來表達. 比方:Maybe he would have become a history teacher. 可以改爲 He might have become a history teacher. 下麪我們作一組練習把這兩種說法作個比較.首先請你注意聽老師用第一種說法說一句話,然後請你跟學生一起改用代名詞跟第二種說法把那句話表達出來.下麪就是一個例子:

　　M: If Bill had been in Kate's class, maybe he would have become a history teacher. F: If he had been in her class, he might have become a history teacher.

　　現在我們開始作練習.

　　M: If Bill had been in Kate's class, maybe he would have become a history teacher. F: If he had been in her class, he might have become a history teacher. M: If Bill had been in Kate's class, maybe he would have thought that history was fascinating. F: If he had been in her class, he might have thought that history was fascinating. M: If Bill had been in Kate's class, maybe he would have thought that history was exciting. F: If he had been in her class, he might have thought that history was exciting. M: If Kate had been in Bill's class, maybe she would have become a gym teacher. F: If she had been in his class, she might have become a gym teacher. M: If Kate had been in Bill's class, maybe she would have thought that history was boring. F: If she had been in his class, she might have thought that history was boring. M: If Kate had been in Bill's class, maybe she would have thought that history was just names and dates. F: If she had been in his class, she might have thought that history was just names and dates.

　　下麪我們用美國歷史作例子, 學學跟過去事實相反的說法. 練習的作法是老師用過去時態說出美國歷的一項事實,比方"移民來到美洲; 殖民地因此成立." The immigrants came to America. The colonies were established. 學生就把句子改成:"如果移民沒有到美洲, 殖民地就不會成立." If the immigrants hadn't come to America, the colonies wouldn't have been established. 在這組練習裡有些新詞滙,比方"壓迫" oppress,"革命" revolution,"打敗" defeat,"奴隸" slave 等等. 請你注意聽. 學生作句子的時候請你也一起作.

　　M: The immigrants came to America. The colonies were established. F: If the immigrants hadn't come to America, the colonies wouldn't have been established. M: The taxes were raised.The colonists were unhappy. F: If the taxes hadn't been raised, the colonists wouldn't have been unhappy. M: The colonists were oppressed. There was a revolution. F: If the colonists hadn't been oppressed, there wouldn't have been a revolution. M: The colonists fought the revolution against the British. They gained independence. F: If the colonists hadn't fought the revolution against the British, they wouldn't have gained independence. M: The colonists gained independence. The U.S. became a country. F: If the colonists hadn't gained independence, the U.S. wouldn't have become a country. M: France needed money. It sold a piece of land to the U.S. F: If France hadn't needed money, it wouldn't have sold a piece of land to the U.S. M: The U.S. bought that piece of land. The size of the U.S. doubled. F: If the U.S. hadn't bought that piece of land, the size of the U.S. wouldn't have doubled. M: People of Texas fought a war against Mexico. They became independent. F: If people of Texas hadn't fought a war against Mexico, they wouldn't have become independent. M: Texas became independent. It joined the U.S. F: If Texas hadn't become independent, it wouldn't have joined the U.S. M: The U.S. defeated Mexico. California and New Mexico became part of the U.S. F: If the U.S. hadn't defeated Mexico, California and New Mexico wouldn't have become part of the U.S. M: The North won the Civil War. Slaves were freed. F: If the North hadn't won the Civil War, slaves wouldn't have been freed. M: Russia sold Alaska to the U.S. It became an American state. F: If Russia hadn't sold Alaska to the U.S., it wouldn't have become an American state.

　　現在我們再來練習怎麽表達跟過去事實相反的條件和結果.下麪我們還是請老師用過去時態說出美國歷的一些事跡, 比方"英國宣稱北美洲部分土地屬於他們. 因此加拿大沒有變成美國的一部分." England claimed part of North America.Canada didn't become part of the U.S. 請你用 might 把句子改成"如果英國沒有宣稱北美洲部分土地屬於他們, 加拿大就可能變成美國的一部分." If England hadn't claimed part of North America, Canada might have become part of the U.S.這組練習裡也有一些有用的詞滙, 比方 "解決" settle,"歧見" difference,"妥協" compromise,"反對" oppose. "避免" prevent 等等,請你在作練習的時候特別注意聽.你每作完一句老師就會唸正確答案給你聽.

　　現在我們開始.

　　M: England claimed part of North America. Canada didn't become part of the U.S. F: If England hadn't claimed part of North America, Canada might have become part of the U.S. M: England and the U.S. settled their differences.They didn't go to war. F: If England and the U.S. hadn't settled their differences, they might have gone to war. M: England and the U.S. compromised. They didn't fight against each other. F: If England and the U.S. hadn't compromised, they might have fought against each other. M: The South opposed President Lincoln's policy. The Civil War couldn't be prevented. F: If the South hadn't opposed President Lincoln's policy, the Civil War might have been prevented. M: The South was defeated. The U.S. didn't become two countries. F: If the South hadn't been defeated, the U.S. might have become two countries.

　　三.聽短文廻答問題

　　今天我們要聽的文章簡單談到美國建國的經過; 文章裡許多詞滙和句子都是我們剛才練習過的.

　　現在請你注意聽. 等一會我們要根據文章內容問你幾個問題.

　　Compared to the history of China, the history of the United States is quite short. It began little more than 200 years ago. In 1776, 13 colonies located on the eastern coast of North America declared independence and fought a revolution against the British. In 1783 the colonists won the revolution and gained their independence. After the revolution, the United States bought a large section of country from Napoleon of France. This purchase doubled the size of the United States. Napoleon needed money for his European wars. If he hadn't needed that money, the United States might have stayed a small country. Texas and most of what is now the southwestern part of the United States belonged to Mexico. The people of Texas fought a revolution against Mexico. They became independent and joined the United States. Later, the United States and Mexico went to war. If Mexico had defeated the United States, in that war, California and New Mexico would have been part of Mexico today. The British and the Americans both claimed the northwestern part of the country. They settled their differences with a compromise. South of the 49th parallel was the United States. North of the 49th parallel was Canada which was controlled by England. In 1861 one-half of the United States did go to war with the other half. This was the Civil War. President Lincoln wanted to free slaves. He was supported by the North but opposed by the South. The South wanted to separate from the rest of the country and become independent. After 4 years of war, the South was defeated. Following the Civil War, the United States bought Alaska from Russia. At that time many people didn't think Alaska was important, but today it is the largest state in the country and a very important one too.

　　現在請你廻答下麪三個問題. 你廻答之後, 老師會唸出正確答案給你聽, 讓你作個比較, 看你答對了沒有.

　　第一個問題是: M: How did the United States become a country? F: Colonists defeated the British in a revolution.

　　第二個問題是: M: Which countries have sold land to the U.S.? F: France and Russia have sold land to the U.S.

　　第三個問題是: M: What was the outcome of the U.S.-Mexican War? F: Mexico was defeated. California and New Mexico became part of the U.S.

位律師廻複