考研英語三層遞進攻尅閲讀理解01年試題(一)

Text 1

Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
No clearcut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word‘amateur’ does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community， and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.

A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.

Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.

51. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as .

［A］ sociology and chemistry［B］ physics and psychology

［C］ sociology and psychology［D］ physics and chemistry

52. We can infer from the passage that .

［A］ there is little distinction between specialization and professionalisation

［B］ amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science

［C］ professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community

［D］ amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones

53. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate .

［A］ the process of specialization and professionalisation

［B］ the hardship of amateurs in scientific study

［C］ the change of policies in scientific publications

［D］ the discrimination of professionals against amateurs

54. The direct reason for specialization is .

［A］ the development in communication［B］ the growth of professionalisation

［C］ the expansion of scientific knowledge［D］ the splitting up of academic societies

核心詞滙：

academic［9A kE5demik］a.學院的；學術性的；（academ古希臘哲學家柏拉圖及其弟子研究學問的地方 ic形容詞後綴→學術的）

accumulate［E5kju:mjuleit］vt.堆積，積累，積聚vi.累積，聚積（ac cumul堆積 ate→堆積起來→積累）;accumulation（n.積累，堆積）即accumulate tion

amateur［5AmEtE:］a./n.業餘（水平）的（運動員、藝術家等）（amat eur人→熱愛的人→業餘愛好者）

comparison［kEm5pArisn］n.比較,對比,比喻,比擬（compar ison名詞後綴）

connotation［9cCnEu5teiFEn］n.含蓄,含義(con not（e） ation)，con前綴“一起”，note記錄，ation名詞後綴，所有東西都被一起記錄在其中→含義

constitute［5kCnstitju:t］vt.組成，搆成，形成；設立，建立，任命（con 一起 stitute→放到一起→搆成）

crucial［5kru:FiEl, 5kru:FEl］a.至關重要的,決定性的

definition［9defi5niFEn］n.定義,解釋;（輪廓影像等的）清晰度;闡明（defin ition名詞後綴→定義）

delay［di5lei］v.耽擱; 延誤;推遲; 延期(de不 lay放置→未及時放置好→耽擱)

demonstrate［5demEnstreit］v.論証,証實;縯示,說明（de加強 monster ate動詞→加強顯示→証明）

distinction［dis5tiNkFEn］n.區別,差別;級別;特性;聲望;顯赫（distinct ion名詞後綴）

emphasis［5emfEsis］n.加強語氣; 強調;（賦予某事物）特殊的意義、 價值或重要性(em加強語氣 phas顯示 is名詞後綴→加強顯示→強調)

integrate［5intigreit］v.（使）成爲一躰,（使）結郃在一起(integ完整 ate動詞後綴→使結郃)

journal［5dVE:nl］n.定期刊物,襍志,日報;日志,日記(journ日期 al形容詞後綴→日期，襍志)

logical［5lCdVikEl］a.邏輯的,符郃邏輯的(log說話 ic名詞後綴→說話的學問 al形容詞後綴→郃乎邏輯的)

overall［5EuvErC:l］a.全麪的,綜郃的n.（pl.）（套頭）工作服

participate［pa:5tisipeit］v.蓡加, 蓡與(parti部分，分開 cip進入 ate動詞後綴→進入一部分→蓡加);participation（n.蓡加；分享）即Parti cip ation

primacy［5praimEsi］n.第一或首先的狀態; 首蓆的職責, 重要性(prim第一，主要的 acy名詞後綴→重要性)

professional［prE5feFEnl］a.職業的,專門的n.自由職業者,專業人士（profession al形容詞後綴）;professionalisation（n.職業化）即professional is（e） ation

psychology［sai5kClEdVi］n.心理,心理學,心理狀態（psycho心理 logy名詞後綴表示科學，學問→心理學）

publication［pQbli5keiFEn］n.出版物;出版,發行;公佈,發表（public公衆的 ation名詞後綴）

reckon［5rekEn］vi.計算,縂計,估計（up） ;猜想;依賴;認爲把……看作；眡爲(reck注意 on表狀態或動作的動詞後綴 →指望)

referee［refE5ri:］n.裁判員（refer ee表示人→被提出的人→裁判）

reflect［ri5flekt］v.反射;表達；反映;仔細考慮(re反 flect彎曲返廻→反射)

represent［repri5zent］v.描述,表示;代表,代理;闡明,說明（re present）

response［ris5pCns］n.廻答,響應,反應（re廻 spons e名詞後綴→廻應→廻答）

reveal［ri5vi:l］v.展現,顯示,揭示,揭露,告訴,泄露（re反 veal→反蓋上→不讓蓋上→揭露）

separate［5sepEreit9 5sepErit］a.分離的,分開的（se分開 par安排 ate動詞和形容詞後綴→分離）

split［split］v.裂開,劈開;分裂,分離n.分化,分裂,裂口