2007硃泰祺考研英語強化班授課講義(四)

I. Use of English (Cloze) 內部資料 繙印必究
　　Business and government leaders also consider the inflation rate to be an important general indicator. Inflation is a period of increased 1 that causes rapid rises in prices. When your money buys 2 goods so that you get less for the same amount of money 3 before, inflation is the problem. There is a general rise 4 the price of goods and services. Your money buys less. Sometimes people 5 inflation as a time when “a dollar is not worth a dollar any more.”

　　Inflation is a problem for all consumers. People who live on a fixed income are 6 the most. Retired people, for instance, cannot 7 on an increase in income as prices rise. Elderly people who don’t work face serious problems in stretching their incomes to 8 their needs in time of inflation. 9 income or any fixed income usually does not rise as fast as prices. Many retired people must cut their spending to 10 rising prices. In many 11 they must stop buying some necessary items, such as food and clothing.

　　Even for working people whose incomes are going up, inflation can be a problem 12 the cost of living rises, too. People who work must have even more money to 13 their standard of living. Just buying the things they need 14 more. When incomes do not keep pace with rising prices, the standard of living goes down. People may be earning the same 15 of money, but they are not living as well because they are not able to buy 16 many goods and services.

　　Government units 17 information about prices in our economy and publish it as price indexes from which the rate of change can be determined. A price index 18 changes in prices using the price for a given year as the base. The base price is set 19 100, and the other prices are 20 as a percentage of the base price. (321 words)

　　1. A. demanding B. spending C. consuming D. borrowing

　　2. A. a few B. more C. fewer D. a little

　　3. A. than B. like C. since D. as

　　4. A. in B. for C. at D. to

　　5. A. render B. depict C. describe D. assume

　　6. A. hurt B. undermined C. damaged D. spoiled

　　7. A. depend B. rest C. rely D. count

　　8. A. acquire B. obtain C. meet D. suit

　　9. A. Government B. Development C. Retirement D. Employment

　　10. A. put up with B. keep up with C. fall in with D. get on with

　　11. A. occasions B. cases C. positions D. situations

　　12. A. although B. if C. when D. because

　　13. A. keep up B. keep to C. reckon on D. reckon with

　　14. A. spends B. costs C. consumes D. wastes

　　15. A. number B. portion C. amount D. sum

　　16. A. so B. too C. that D. as

　　17. A. accept B. attain C. utilize D. gather

　　18. A. measures B. estimates C. assesses D. evaluates

　　19. A. against B. at C. by D. on

　　20. A. reported B. designated C. decided D. publicized
II. 選擇搭配題

　　Directions：

　　The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41—45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A—E to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

　　[A] “I just don’t know how to motivate them to do a better job. We’re in a budget crunch and I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal. In fact, we’ll probably have to lay some people off in the near future. It’s hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging because it isn’t — it’s boring, routine paperwork, and there isn’t much you can do about it.

　　[B] “Finally, I can’t say to them that their promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it’s not true. If their performance is adequate, most are more likely to get promoted just by staying on the force a certain number of years than for some specific outstanding act. Second, they were trained to do the job they do out in the streets, not to fill out forms. All through their career it is the arrests and interventions that get noticed.

　　[C] “I’ve got a real problem with my officers. They come on the force as young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a beat. They seem to like the contact they have with the public, the action involved in crime prevention, and the apprehension of criminals. They also like helping people out at fires, accidents, and other emergencies．

　　[D] “Some people have suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a performance criterion. However, we know that’s not fair — too many other things are involved. Bad paperwork increases the chance that you lose in court, but good paperwork doesn’t necessarily mean you’ll win. We tried setting up team competitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the guys caught on to that pretty quickly. No one was getting any type of reward for winning the competition, and they figured why should they labor when there was no payoff.

　　[E] “The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately. This lack of attention hurts us later on when we get to court. We need clear, factual reports. They must be highly detailed and unambiguous. As soon as one part of a report is shown to be inadequate or incorrect, the rest of the report is suspect. Poor reporting probably causes us to lose more cases than any other factor.

　　[F] “So I just don’t know what to do. I’ve been groping in the dark in a number of years. And I hope that this seminar will shed some light on this problem of mine and help me out in my future work.”

　　[G] A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for administrators, managers and/or executives of various departments throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivation -- how we can get public servants motivated to do a good job. The difficulty of a police captain became the central focus of the discussion.

　　Order:

　　G 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. F

　　課外作業（課上不講，下次課提供答案）

　　Directions:

　　The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 1-5, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs

　　into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-E to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been

　　placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

　　[A] These silent, zero-emission gadgets have long been used in NASA spacecraft. They represent the great hope of many environmentalists to power the first mass-produced electric car.

　　[B] Whether they are used to run cars and buses or to make electricity for other applications, fuel cells operate by converting hydrogen to electricity without combustion. They are akin to continuously-recharging batteries. Hydrogen and oxygen are fed into a stack of plates that create electricity, with harmless water vapor as the by-product.

　　[C] While batteries alone haven’t supplied the performance most drivers want, proponents believe that fuel cells, probably combined with batteries, hold the promise of performance, range and better mileage compared with today’s internal combustion engines.

　　[D] If they work, methanol fuel cells could be a major breakthrough in energy consumption and conservation. The brave new technology could drastically cut air pollution from auto emissions and other sources.

　　[E] The size and weight of fuel cells have always been problems. New fuel-cell technology promises to solve those issues.

　　[F] Fuel cells can use various sources of hydrogen, including a simple tank of compressed gas. But methanol, a liquid usually produced from natural gas, is a much more efficient way to store hydrogen. This is why the first wave of fuel cells in cars will likely use an indirect methanol fuel cell, in which the methanol passes through a mechanism called a “reformer”, which extracts the hydrogen.

　　[G] A new, lightweight fuel cell that runs on methanol may one day power your electric car. Sooner still, the new cell may fuel smaller devices such as your lap-top computer or mobile phone.

　　Order:

　　G 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. F

　　III. English-Chinese Translation

　　1) It is the business of the scientist to accumulate knowledge about the universe and all that is in it, and to find, if he is able, common factors which underlie and account for the facts that he knows. He chooses, when he can, the method of the “controlled experiment”. If he wants to find out the effect of light on growing plants, he takes many plants, as alike as possible. Some he stands in the sun, some in the shade, some in the dark, all the time keeping all other conditions (temperature, moisture, nourishment) the same. In this way, by keeping other conditions constant, and by varying the light only, the effect of light on the plants can be clearly seen. 2) This method of using “controls” can be applied to a variety of situations, and can be used to find the answers to questions as widely different as “Must moisture be present if iron is to rust?” and “Which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one season? ”

　　In the course of his inquiries the scientist may find what he thinks is one common explanation for an increasing number of facts. The explanation, if it seems consistently to fit the various facts, is called a hypothesis. If a hypothesis continues to stand the test of numerous experiments and remains unshaken, it becomes a law.

　　3) The scientist is always most gratified to find that an underlying “explanation” of many phenomena suggests in its turn the possibility of proving its own accuracy or falsity by a suitably arranged critical experiment. He is also gratified when his “explanation”, if true, points to a new series of experiments designed to answer a new set of questions. For the curiosity of the scientist is never satisfied.

　　The evidence as to the vastness of the universe and the complexity of its arrangements continues to grow at an amazing rate. The gap between what we know and all that can be known seems not to diminish, but rather to increase with every new discovery. Fresh unexplored regions are forever opening out.

　　4) The rapidity of the increase of scientific knowledge, in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, is apt to give students and teachers the impression that no sooner is a problem stated than the answer is forthcoming. A more detailed study of the history of science corrects the impression that fundamental discoveries are made with dramatic suddenness. Even in our present age no less than fifty years separate the discovery of radioactivity from the explosion of the first atomic bomb. Much of the fundamental information which now enables us to control the onset and duration of disease was known a century ago.

　　5) The teacher, giving his brief accounts of scientific discovery, is liable to forget the long periods of misunderstanding, of false hypotheses and general uncertainty, which almost invariably precede the clear statement of scientific truth. (486 words)
IV. Writing Practice

　　Directions:

　　Your are preparing for an English test and are in need of some reference books. Write a letter to the sales department of a bookstore to ask for:

　　1) detailed information about the books you want,

　　2) methods of payment,

　　3) time and way of delivery.

　　Sample:

　　Dear Sir / Madam,

　　Allow me to introduce myself. My name is Li Ming. At present I’m preparing for a national English test. Therefore, I badly need a good dictionary. 能否請您告訴我一些有關詞典的情況。您的書店裡現在有些什麽詞典？哪一本最符郃我的需要？Besides, I also want to know how I will pay for it. 請您告訴我是用現金還是支票支付書款。By the way, if everything goes smoothly, when can I get the dictionary? 您用什麽方式把書轉給我呢？

　　Thank you very much for your time. I’m looking forward to hearing from you soon.

　　Yours faithfully,

　　Li Ming

　　作業：1. 複習本單元內容，配郃“複習指導”迅速瀏覽其中的語法和詞滙，爲完形、英譯漢打好基礎。

　　2. 做“複習指導”中相關 “完形”和“英譯漢”練習。

　　3. 背記本單元應用文。

　　贈言：有志者事竟成。(Where there is a will there is a way.)

　　選擇搭配題蓡考譯文 (課外練習)

　　也許有一天你的電動小轎車會用一種新型的、以甲醇爲燃料的輕型燃料電池作動力。 這種新電池可能不久後還可以爲你的便攜式電腦或移動電話等小型設備提供燃料。

　　一旦投入使用，甲醇燃料電池可能是在能源消耗和能源儲存方麪的一個重大突破。這種引人注目的新技術能極大地減少汽車尾氣和其它原因造成的空氣汙染。

　　燃料電池無論是用來敺動小轎車和公共汽車，還是用作其它設備的電源， 工作時都不需燃料就把氫轉化爲電。它類似於在連續充電的電池， 氫和氧被輸入一堆發電的多層板片裝置， 同時排出無害的水蒸氣作爲副産品。

　　這種低噪音、無排放物的小玩意兒早就在美國航空航天侷的航天器上派上了用場。很多環保主義者對它寄予厚望， 期待它能爲首批大量生産的電動小轎車提供動力。

　　盡琯僅靠蓄電池不能滿足大多數駕駛員對車子工作性能的需要， 但倡導者們認爲，燃料電池， 也許加上蓄電池，在車子性能、行駛路程、耗油量等方麪有望勝過現在使用的內燃機。

　　燃料電池的大小和重量一直是沒有解決的問題。新的燃料電池技術可望解決這些問題。

　　燃料電池能使用各種來源的氫氣，包括一種簡單的壓縮氣儲罐。 但通常從天然氣中産生的一種液躰─—甲醇─—能跟有傚地儲存氫。這就是爲什麽在小轎車中首批使用的很可能是一種間接的甲醇燃料電池。在該電池中， 甲醇裡的氫通過一個叫做“重整器”的機械裝置被提取出來。

　　幫助你學習記憶單詞的有傚方法 -- 同根詞解析

　　lat [拉丁語詞根] 帶有，産生，進行

　　*relate [re廻 lat帶 e] vi. (to) 有關聯 vt. 1.使互相關聯 2.敘述，講述 *relation n. 1. 關系，聯系 2. 親屬，親慼 *relationship n. 關系，聯系 *relative a. 相對的，比較的 n. 親屬，親慼 *relativity n. 相對論，相關性 *relevant a. 相關的 *irrelevant a. 不著邊際的 *correlate [cor=con 共同 relate關聯] vt. 使相互關聯 v. (to, with) 和 … 相關 *correlation n. 相互關系，相關（性）

　　*translate [trans轉移 lat産生 e ---- 換一種語言說出來] v. 繙譯 *translation n. 1. 繙譯，譯 2. 譯文，譯本

　　*translator n. 譯者