admin健康百科 2023-04-02 14:04:01 Pancreatic Stone Protein Biomarker for Sepsis, Antimicrobial Resistance and Nosocomial InfectionsPancreatic Stone Protein Biomarker for Sepsis, Antimicrobial Resistance and Nosocomial Infections 大漠xp 2023-04-02 發表於湖北 | 轉藏 The problem of antimicrobial resistance and the use of a clinical decision score and point-of-care testing biomarkers, such as CRP and PSP, to help solve this problem. Introduction Infectious diseases are a public health issue around the world, with bacterial, viral, parasitic, or fungal-related diseases responsible for 26% of mortality worldwide, and the remaining 74% attributed to non-communicable diseases (cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes, trauma, etc.) (WHO 2018). The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the high mortality of infectious diseases, with 5.94 million deaths in two years and nearly 18.2 million deaths worldwide (as measured by excess mortality) (COVID-19 Excess Mortality Collaborators 2022). Among infectious diseases, sepsis is a major public health threat, responsible for 11 million deaths yearly (Rudd et al. 2020). Sepsis and septic shock are also the leading cause of death among children worldwide (Rhodes et al. 2017). Bacterial infections and sepsis can be effectively treated with antibiotics. However, the overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics has led to bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Today, AMR is another major public health problem, with an estimated 4.95 million deaths associated with bacterial AMR in 2019 (Antibiotic Resistance Collaborators 2022). Sepsis and AMR together are responsible for more than 12.3 million deaths each year. The WHO has declared AMR one of the top ten global public health threats (WHO 2021). Hospital Acquired Infections or Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs) occur in 7-8% of hospitalised patients in Europe and 56% of patients in the ICU (Vincent et al. 2017). The main causes of nosocomial infections include bacterial AMR, lack of adherence to infection control and prevention procedures.Bacterial infections can be complicated by sepsis and septic shock (Singer et al. 2017). In developing countries, the incidence of sepsis and septic shock is much higher than in high-income countries (Rudd et al. 2020). In addition, the administration of antibiotics is broad spectrum and leads to AMR (WHO 2011; Flandrin 2019; WHO 2020). For example, in India, the incidence rate of sepsis is the second highest in South Asia after Afghanistan (WHO 2011; Belagere 2020), and the incidence of nosocomial infection represents 11-60% (Choudhuri et al. 2017) of hospitalised patients. India also leads the world in human antibiotic use (Van Boeckel et al. 2014). While the incidence of sepsis is higher in developing countries, the mortality rate is nearly 20-25% in developed countries. Sepsis-related costs in U.S. hospitals surpass US$24 billion annually, making it the most expensive disease to manage (Torio and Moore 2016). Mortality from sepsis increases by about 8% per hour of delayed appropriate administration of antibiotics (Kumar et al. 2006). Hence, sepsis and septic shock can be prevented if diagnosed and treated early with appropriate treatment, in particular, antibiotics.Sepsis and Antimicrobial Resistance The 2021 Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) guidelines recommend starting antibiotics as soon as possible (ideally 45-60 minutes of recognition) (Evans et al. 2021). The determination of procalcitonin (PCT), with a specificity of 79% and sensitivity of 77% (Wacker et al. 2013), is not recommended because it has not demonstrated significant benefit for the patient. However, in a medical survey with 40 Swiss intensive care physicians, 92.3% test C-reactive protein (CRP), 84.6% PCT, 100% lactate and 89.7% leucocytes in case of suspicion of sepsis (Ventura 2021). Only 35.9% use the Sepsis-3 definition alone, while 34.2% calculate the qSOFA and 44.7% the SOFA. These data suggest that, in current practice, biomarkers are used more than scores. In addition to CRP and PCT, many biomarkers have been studied; however, none of them are included in the guidelines for early diagnosis of infection or sepsis because of the lack of consistent data.There is a need to develop and optimise tools to manage sepsis and decrease the unnecessary use of antibiotics and the spread of AMR. Developing new antibiotics and searching for accurate solutions for early diagnosis of sepsis are also a priority. One possible solution could be using biomarkers combined with clinical decision support algorithms. The positive predictive value of biomarkers/algorithms could allow judicious and timely initiation of antibiotics, while SEPSIS ICU Management Practice 4 - 2022 negative predictive values could indicate that antibiotics need not be administered.Several research projects are already under way. For example, a point-of-care testing (POCT) solution using CRP and PCT has been integrated into algorithms. The e-POCT solution is an innovative electronic algorithm using host biomarker POCTs, including CPR and PCT. It could potentially improve clinical outcomes among children with febrile illnesses while reducing the use of antibiotics through improved identification and better targeting of children in need of antibiotics (Keitel et al. 2017).Pancreatic Stone Protein Another possible diagnostic tool could be a solution based on clinical algorithms and the use of biomarkers with the combination of CRP and a new early biomarker of sepsis, the Pancreatic Stone Protein (PSP). Two literature reviews (Eggimann et al. 2019; Fidalgo et al. 2022) suggest that PSP could be an innovative tool for the detection of pre-symptomatic sepsis. PSP is a 16 kDa C-type lectin protein produced mostly by the pancreas and the intestine. PSP is measured in less than 10 minutes, from a drop of capillary or venous whole blood, at the point-of-care (POC) by an innovative nanofluidic technology (abioSCOPE, Abionic, Epalinges, Switzerland) CE certified since January 2020. PSP can be used to diagnose sepsis even in severe inflammatory states, such as in trauma patients (Keel et al. 2009; Klein et al. 2020a), postoperative patients (Klein et al. 2020a; Klein et al. 2015), severely burned patients (Klein et al. 2020b), and in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) after inhalation (Klein et al. 2020c).A meta-analysis shows that PSP is more sensitive and specific than CRP and PCT for the diagnosis of infection. The combination of CRP with PSP further enhances its accuracy with higher sensitivity and specificity for discriminating infection from non-infection (Prazak et al. 2021). PSP increases early, nearly 48-72 hours before manifestation of clinical suspicion of nosocomial sepsis, organ dysregulated response onset and elevation of CRP and PCT. Findings from a study conclude that"while the diagnostic accuracy of PSP, CRP and PCT for sepsis were similar in this cohort, serial PSP measurement demonstrated an increase of this marker the days preceding the onset of signs necessary to clinical diagnose sepsis" (Pugin et al. 2021). The kinetics of PSP allow early diagnosis of nosocomial sepsis, even before manifestation of clinical signs and symptoms. Daily measurement of this biomarker is, therefore, routinely proposed in the ICU (Pugin et al. 2021). The CRP/ PSP combination is also more specific and sensitive than CRP, PCT, and PSP alone for diagnosing sepsis. Moreover, CRP and PSP dosages are accessible from a drop of blood in less than 10 minutes at the POC. Conclusion Overall, it is evident that there is a need for better tools to guide the initiation of antibiotics in managing sepsis. These tools can also lead to the appropriate use of antibiotics and help decrease the burden of AMR. Using PSP in combination with other biomarkers (CRP) can provide a useful and practical approach in patients presenting with sepsis with a major impact on AMR. Moreover, integrating this combination of biomarkers (CRP/PSP) with a clinical decision support algorithm could represent an innovative solution to help overcome the challenges related to sepsis and AMR. The savings for public health would also be major, and an estimated 1 million lives could be saved by 2030 (Ventura 2020). Hence, the use of a clinical decision score and POCT biomarkers, such as CRP and PSP, can help solve several major health problems: sepsis, AMR, and nosocomial infections.Key Points Sepsis is a major public health threat and responsible for 11 million deaths annually. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is another major public health problem, with an estimated 4.95 million deaths associated with bacterial AMR in 2019. The WHO has declared AMR one of the top ten global public health threats facing humanity. The 2021 Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) guidelines recommend starting antibiotics as soon as possible, ideally within one hour of recognition. There is a need to develop and optimise tools to manage sepsis and decrease the unnecessary use of antibiotics and the spread of AMR.The use of biomarkers such as pancreatic stone protein (PSP), a new biomarker shown to detect presymptomatic sepsis up to 72 hours before the current standard of care, could be used in combination with clinical decision support algorithms as a possible solution to improve the diagnosis of sepsis and ultimately help overcome the global challenges related to sepsis and AMR.DisclaimerPoint-of-View articles are the sole opinion of the author(s) and they are part of the ICU Management Practice Corporate Engagement or Educational Community Programme.«« New Paradigm of Personalised Sedation Optimised Prediction of All-Cause Mortality of ICU Patients »» References: Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators (2022) Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. The Lancet. Belagere C (2020) India has 2nd highest sepsis death rate in South Asia. The New Indian Express. 19 January. Choudhuri A, Chakravaty M, Uppal R et al. (2017) Epidemiology and characteristics of nosocomial infections in critically ill patients in a tertiary care Intensive Care Unit of Northern India. Saudi J Anaesth. 11(14): 402-407. COVID-19 Excess Mortality Collaborators (2022) Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020–21. The Lancet. Eggimann P, Que Y-A, Rebeaud F (2019) Measurement of pancreatic stone protein in the identification and management of sepsis. Biomarkers in Medicine. 2:135-145. Evans LE, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W et al. (2021) Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2021. Critical Care Medicine. 49(11): e1063-e1143. Fidalgo P et al. (2022) Pancreatic Stone Protein: Review of a New Biomarker in Sepsis. J Clin Med. 11:1085. Flandrin A (2019) Le Monde. Available from Keel M, Haerter L, Reding T et al. (2009) Pancreatic stone protein is highly increased during posttraumatic sepsis and activates neutrophil granulocytes. Crit. Care Med. 37(15):1642-1648. Keitel K, Kilowok M, Kyungu E et al. (2019) Performance of prediction rules and guidelines in detecting serious bacterial infections among Tanzanian febrile children. BMC Infect Dis. 19(11): 769. Klein HJ, Buehler PK, Niggemann P et al. (2020a) Expression of Pancreatic Stone Protein is Unaffected by Trauma and Subsequent Surgery in Burn Patients,» World Journal of Surgery. 44(1):3000-3009. Klein H, Csordas A, Falk V et al. (2015) Pancreatic stone protein predicts postoperative infection in cardiac surgery patients irrespective of cardiopulmonary bypass or surgical technique. PLoS ONE. 10(13): e0120276. Klein HJ, Niggemann P, Buehler PK et al. (2020b) Pancreatic Stone Protein Predicts Sepsis in Severely Burned Patients Irrespective of Trauma Severity A Monocentric Observational Study. Annals of Surgery. Klein HJ, Rittirsch D, Buehler PK et al. (2020) Response of routine inflammatory biomarkers and novel Pancreatic Stone Protein to inhalation injury and its interference with sepsis detection in severely burned patients. Burns. Klein H, Niggermann P, Buehler PK et al. (2020c) Pancreatic stone protein predicts sepsis in severely burned patients irrespective of trauma severity. Annals of Surgery. Kumar A, Roberts D, Wood KE et al. (2006) Duration of Hypotension Before Initiation of Effective Antimicrobial Therapy is the Critical Determinant of Survival in Human Septic Shock. Crit Care Med. 34(16): 1589-1596. Prazak J, Irincheeva I, Llewelyn M et al. (2021) Accuracy of Pancreatic Stone Protein for the diagnosis of infection in hospitalized adults. A systematic review and individual patient-level meta-analysis. Critical Care. 25:1182. Pugin J, Daix T, Pagani J et al. (2021) Serial measurement of pancreatic stone protein for the early detection of sepsis in intensive care unit patients: a prospective multicentric study. Critical Care. Rudd KE, Johnson SC, Agesa KM et al. (2020) Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990–2017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study, The Lancet. 395:200-211. Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W et al. (2017) Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016. Intensive Care Med. 43:304–377. Singer M, Deutschmann C, Seymour C et al. (2016) The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 315(8):801-810. Torio C, Moore B (2015) National Inpatient Hospital Costs: The Most Expensive Conditions by Payer. Available from Van Boeckel T, Gandra S, Ashok A et al. (2014) Global antibiotic consumption 2000 to 2010: an analysis of national pharmaceutical sales data. The Lancet - Infectious Diseases. Ventura F (2021) Diagnosis of Sepsis. chez Area Critica, Bologna, 2021.Ventura F (2020) The novel PSP-sepsis-test and the patented abioSCOPE strategy. Strategy Consulting Project Healthcare. MBA-HEC Lausanne. Vincent JL, Sakr Y, Singer M et al. (2020) Prevalence and Outcomes of infection Among Patients in Intensive Care Units in 2017. JAMA. 323(15), 1478–1487. WHO (2018) The top 10 causes of death. Available from WHO (2011) Bulletin of the World Health Organization. Available from WHO (2020) Record number of countries contribute data revealing disturbing rates of antimicrobial resistance. Available from . WHO (2021) Antimicrobial resistance. Available from .本站是提供個人知識琯理的網絡存儲空間，所有內容均由用戶發佈，不代表本站觀點。請注意甄別內容中的聯系方式、誘導購買等信息，謹防詐騙。如發現有害或侵權內容，請點擊一鍵擧報。 sepsis al pancreatic 生活常識_百科知識_各類知識大全»Pancreatic Stone Protein Biomarker for Sepsis, Antimicrobial Resistance and Nosocomial Infections
admin
0條評論