實用英語寫作技巧 (第11單元)

第十一單元 推展段落方法之四

　　——過程分析法

　　11.1過程分析法

　　過程分析法（process analysis）用作支配方法時，其目的是告訴讀者怎樣做某事，說明某事物的工作原理或某事物的制造方法。

　　示範段落11－1

　　Even if you don't know how to cook，you'll never starve to death if you know how to prepare scrambled eggs.You begin by melting one tablespoon of butter in a frying pan over low heat.While the butter is melting，break three eggs into a bowl.Add 1／4teaspoon of salt，1／4 teaspoon of paprika，and three tablespoons of milk to the eggs in the bowl and mix them for about a minute.Pour the mixture into the frying pan，break them into shreds with a fork，or stir them with a spoon until they become solid.When they are cooked，serve them with lightly buttered toast.

　　11.2示範段落分析

　　主題句：Even if you don't know how to cook，you'll never starve to death if you know how to prepare scrambled eggs.

　　步驟1：melt butter

　　步驟2：break eggs

　　步驟3：add salt，paprika and milk to the eggs

　　步驟4：mix them

　　步驟5：pour into the frying pan and stir them

　　步驟6：serve with buttered toast

　　11.3關於如何寫過程分析段落的建議

　　1）按照事物發展過程的順序解釋過程

　　過程分析通常使用時間順序法組織段落，因爲告訴別人怎樣做某件事的最容易的方法是一步一步地分析。

　　2）提及必要的用具、成分的分量和時機，在適儅的地方提醒讀者注意容易做錯的地方。

　　3）使用列擧符號表示步驟。

　　下麪的列擧符號（listing signals）常用於過程描述：

　　first，second，third，etc.

　　to begin with，then，finally，etc.

　　Exercise 11-1

　　Directions：Read the following paragraph，then find out the topic sentence，the listing signals and analyze the steps of the process.

　　In his will，Alfred Nobel left specific instructions as to how the winners of the science awards he endowed are to be selected.First，each year the Swedish Academy of Sciences（physics and chemistry）and the Caroline Medical Institute（physiology and medicine）solicit nearly two thousand recommendations from past laureates，university professors and other experts from all over the world.The second step is the review of recommendations received and the selections of preliminary candidates by special committees within the two Swedish institutions.The committee members are specifically instructed that those chosen “shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind，”and that no considerations be given to the candidates' nationalities.Next，after lengthy investigation and discussion，the final choices are made for each discipline.Finally，telegrams informing them of their awards are sent to the new Nobel laureates about one month prior to the award ceremony.

　　Topic Sentence：____________________________________________

　　______________________________________________________________

　　Listing Signals：_____________________________________________

　　Steps： 1.______________________________________________

　　2.______________________________________________

　　3.______________________________________________

　　4.______________________________________________

　　Exercise 11-2

　　Directions：The sentences below constitute a paragraph on the scientific methods.However，the sentences have been given in a disordered sequence.You should place them in their correct order.

　　a.Following this method，the reseacher first observe some aspects of nature and then poses a specific question about what he has observed.

　　b.Experiments based on this hypothesis are designed and conductedto test each contingency.

　　c.In order to answer this question，potent data are collected.

　　d.After thorough experimentation，the researcher validates，modifies，or rejects his original hypothesis.

　　e.Originating from the branch of philosophy called epistemology，what we now know as the scientific method provides guidelinesf of the systematic acquisition of knowledge.

　　f.On the basis of these data，a hypothesis is proposed to explain them.

　　The right order：______________________________

　　Exercise 11-3

　　Directions：Write a paragraph about how to prepare a barbecue picnic in the park.