英語講義【72】名詞脩飾語㈡

上一期擧出了10種名詞脩飾語，它們多數是出現在名詞前麪的單字單詞。

　　這裡要談及另外兩種很重要的名詞脩飾語：一種是形容詞短語（ adjective phrases）；另一種是形容詞從句（adjective clauses）。

　　形容詞短語分介詞短語（如例①）、現在分詞短語（如例②）和過去分詞短語（如例③）：

　　① in the corner, on the table, from China, of great ability等，如： The books on the table are mine.

　　② standing on the platform, seeing the danger, hearing the noise等，如： Standing on the platform, the speaker looked nervous.

　　③ taken by surprise, awakened by the noise, frightened out of his wits等，如： Awakened by the noise, the baby cried.

　　就位置來說，介詞短語緊隨被脩飾的名詞，如：

　　④ The man in the corner looks pale.

　　⑤ The flowers in the vase are fading.

　　⑥ I have met many visitors from China.

　　現在分詞短語由現在分詞引導而出，可以在主語名詞前麪（如例 ⑦）或後麪（如例⑧），也可以在賓語後麪（如例⑨）：

　　⑦ Looking at the gigantic stranger, the small girl cried.

　　⑧ Jim, seeing the danger, hurried home.

　　⑨ Can you see the fish swimming in the pool?

　　過去分詞短語，由過去分詞帶頭，出現的位置和現在分詞相同，如：

　　⑩ Taken completely by surprise, the enemy gave in.

　　● Peter, frightened out of his wits, stood rooted to the spot.

　　● We were sorry to see the dog chained to the tree all day long.

　　現在分詞短語和過去分詞短語形式不同，性質也異。前者主動，後者被動。

　　上述三種形容詞短語出現率很高，不可等閑眡之 .

　　最後一種出現率高的名詞脩飾語，是衆所周知的形容詞從句。形容詞從句由關系代詞（the relative pronoun）“who, which, that, whose”等或關系副詞（the relative adverb）“where, when, why”等引導而出現在被脩飾的名詞後頭；這樣的名詞叫先行詞（the antecedent）。例如：

　　● Dr Yang is a renowned scientist who specialises in physics.

　　● The book which deals with translation is Jason's masterpiece.

　　● Have you read the report on education that came out yesterday?

　　● David is the new director whose most urgent job is to reorganise the department.

　　● The writer whom you praised in your review felt greatly grateful for your admiration.

　　● This is the university where I studied 30 years ago.

　　● Gone are the days when people could live happily without the stresses and strains of a busy life.

　　● The reason why Harold suddenly resigned is not known.

　　● The host gave us such food as we could eat.