實用英語寫作技巧之七 如何寫好一個段落（Ⅱ）

第七單元 如何寫好一個段落（Ⅱ）

　　7.1連貫性

　　段落的連貫性指的是段落的句子以清晰、符郃邏輯的順序（clear， logical sequence）連接。連貫性使讀者能夠找出每個觀點之間的聯系以及這些觀點與主題句的聯系。

　　7.2關於如何取得連貫性的建議

　　1）使用同一時態

　　如果隨意而毫無理由地改變時態（tenses），那麽不琯作者連句的技巧多麽高超，段落也不可能取得連貫性。在寫作時，可以使用現在時（ present tense）或過去時（past tense）。選用哪一種取決於作者処理材料的方式。

　　2）使用某種邏輯順序

　　常用的邏輯順序有： 1）時間順序（time order）； 2）空間順序（space order）（見第12單元）； 3）重要性順序（order of importance）和 4）熟悉度順序（order of familiarity）（見第 19單元）。

　　3）使用連接成分

　　使用某些連接詞和短語（connective word Sand phrases），重複某些關鍵詞（repetition of certain key words），可以大大增加段落的連貫性。某些連接詞、短語和關鍵詞可以起粘著物（adhesives）的作用，把各部分連接起來，使句子間的關系更加清楚。連接成分主要有以下三種：

　　a.連接詞語（linking expressions）（見第34單元）

　　b.代詞（pronouns）

　　代詞用於提醒讀者注意其先行詞，以此把有關的部分連接起來。

　　c.重複關鍵詞語（repetition of key words）

　　示範段落7.1

　　① Until recently daydreaming was viewed as a waste of time.② Or it was considered an unhealthy escape from real life and its duties.③ But now some people are taking a fresh look at daydreaming.④ And it may be that more people are suffering from a lack of daydreaming than are suffering from too much of it.

　　7.3示範段落分析

　　順序：熟悉度和對比關系

　　連接詞語：①“until recently”②“or”③“but”④“and”⑤“then”

　　代詞：① daydreaming—②it—④ it（the second one）

　　重複關鍵詞：①daydreaming—③daydreaming

　　④daydreaming

　　Exercise 7-1

　　Directions： Arrange the following sentences into a paragraph，using the coherence devices as the hints.

　　① Clearly， in agriculture and industry， the progress of a country depends on the busy hands of its working people.

　　② Finally， the establishment of efficient transportation and communication systems， essential services in a modernizing economy， relies heavily on a lab our force of expert craftsmen who take pride in their manual skills.

　　③ And of course the manufactures as well as the maintenance of machines of all kinds demands a large number of trained mechanics and technicians.

　　④ To begin with， ploughing fields，planting and harvesting crops， and raising livestock are all important to development and all require people who work with their hands.

　　⑤ Secondly， mining natural resources， building roads and bridges， and constructing dams for irrigation and electrical power are also important to development and also require people who know how to use their hands skillfully.

　　⑥ Manual lab our is one of the principal development resources in any industralizing country， as the following examples demonstrate.

　　Topic Sentence：____________

　　Details：___________________

　　Concluding Sentence：____________

　　Exercise 7-2

　　Directions： In the following paragraph， find all the words that help the reader move smoothly from one detail to another.write these words in the blanks to the right.

　　To prepare a nutritious breakfast of cereal and milk you need tofollow only a few simple directions. First， acquire the necessary ingredients and materials： dry cereal of your choice， milk， sugar，fruit， a cereal bowl and a soup spoon. Second， pour the cereal into the bowl until the bowl is half full. Next ，cut up the fruit and arrange it on top of the cereal； then sprinkle sugar over the fruit，if desired. Once you have layered the cereal and fruit in the bowl，you are ready for the milk. Now， pour enough milk into the bowl to just barely cover the cereal and fruit. At last， your breakfast is ready；pick up your spoon and dig in！