孫子兵法（中英對照）3

謀攻第三

　　III. Attack by Stratagem

　　孫子曰：夫用兵之法，全國爲上，破國次之；全軍爲上，破軍次之；全旅爲上，破旅次之；全卒

　　爲上，破卒次之；全伍爲上，破伍次之。

　　Sun Tzu said： In the practical art of war， the best thing of all is to take the enemy's country whole and intact； to shatter and destroy it is not so good. So， too， it is better to recapture an army entire than to destroy it， to capture a regiment， a detachment or a company entire than to destroy them.

　　是故百戰百勝，非善之善也；不戰而屈人之兵，善之善者也。

　　Hence to fight and conquer in all your battles is not supreme excellence； supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemy's resistance without fighting.

　　故上兵伐謀，其次伐交，其次伐兵，其下攻城。

　　Thus the highest form of generalship is to balk the enemy's plans； the next best is to prevent the junction of the enemy's forces； the next in order is to attack the enemy's army in the field； and the worst policy of all is to besiege walled cities.

　　攻城之法，爲不得已。脩櫓□①□②，具器械，三月而後成；距堙，又三月而後已。

　　The rule is， not to besiege walled cities if it can possibly be avoided. The preparation of mantlets， movable shelters， and various implements of war， will take up three whole months； and the piling up of mounds over against the walls will take three months more.

　　將不勝其忿而蟻附之，殺士卒三分之一，而城不拔者，此攻之災也。

　　The general， unable to control his irritation， will launch his men to the assault like swarming ants， with the result that one-third of his men are slain， while the town still remains untaken. Such are the disastrous effects of a siege.

　　故善用兵者，屈人之兵而非戰也，拔人之城而非攻也，燬人之國而非久也，

　　Therefore the skillful leader subdues the enemy's troops without any fighting； he captures their cities without laying siege to them； he overthrows their kingdom without lengthy operations in the field.

　　必以全爭於天下，故兵不頓而利可全，此謀攻之法也。

　　With his forces intact he will dispute the mastery of the Empire， and thus， without losing a man， his triumph will be complete. This is the method of attacking by stratagem.

　　故用兵之法，十則圍之，五則攻之，倍則分之，

　　It is the rule in war， if our forces are ten to the enemy's one， to surround him； if five to one， to attack him； if twice as numerous， to divide our army into two.

　　敵則能戰之，少則能逃之，不若則能避之。

　　If equally matched， we can offer battle； if slightly inferior in numbers， we can avoid the enemy； if quite unequal in every way， we can flee from him.

　　故小敵之堅，大敵之擒也。

　　Hence， though an obstinate fight may be made by a small force， in the end it must be captured by the larger force.

　　夫將者，國之輔也。輔周則國必強，輔隙則國必弱。

　　Now the general is the bulwark of the State； if the bulwark is complete at all points； the State will be strong； if the bulwark is defective， the State will be weak.

　　故君之所以患於軍者三：

　　There are three ways in which a ruler can bring misfortune upon his army：——

　　（1） 不知軍之不可以進而謂之進，不知軍之不可以退而謂之退，是謂縻軍；

　　（1） By commanding the army to advance or to retreat， being ignorant of the fact that it cannot obey. This is called hobbling the army.

　　（2） 不知三軍之事而同三軍之政，則軍士惑矣；

　　（2） By attempting to govern an army in the same way as he administers a kingdom， being ignorant of the conditions which obtain in an army. This causes restlessness in the soldier's minds.

　　（3）不知三軍之權而同三軍之任，則軍士疑矣。

　　（3） By employing the officers of his army without discrimination， through ignorance of the military principle of adaptation to circumstances. This shakes the confidence of the soldiers.

　　三軍既惑且疑，則諸侯之難至矣。是謂亂軍引勝。

　　But when the army is restless and distrustful， trouble is sure to come from the other feudal princes. This is simply bringing anarchy into the army， and flinging victory away.

　　故知勝有五：知可以戰與不可以戰者勝，識衆寡之用者勝，上下同欲者勝，以虞待不虞者勝，將能而君不禦者勝。此五者，知勝之道也。

　　Thus we may know that there are five essentials for victory： （1） He will win who knows when to fight and when not to fight. （2） He will win who knows how to handle both superior and inferior forces. （3） He will win whose army is animated by the same spirit throughout all its ranks. （4） He will win who， prepared himself， waits to take the enemy unprepared. （5） He will win who has military capacity and is not interfered with by the sovereign.

　　故曰：知己知彼，百戰不貽；不知彼而知己，一勝一負；不知彼不知己，每戰必敗。

　　Hence the saying： If you know the enemy and know yourself， you need not fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy， for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat. If you know neither the enemy nor yourself， you will succumb in every battle.

　　「注：」①：［車賁］。②：“溫”字“氵”旁換“車”旁。